Compulsory 3 Main Topics Condensed Edition (2026 Sprint)

For: Final-stage rapid review of key points for the Gaokao Politics exam Grassroots self-governance is a key predicted topic for 2026 (new law effective 2026.1.1) Sources: 2025 Guangdong real exam (June 9), 2022-2024 real exams, 12371.cn Q&A on law amendments, sjds.net common mistakes summary ---
1. Citizens / The People
Quick Error Check
Wrong Statement Correct Statement
The people's democratic rights are unrestricted There are legal boundaries; freedom ≠ unlimited
Personal interests can never align with national interests There can be contradictions, but organic unity is achievable
Citizens have decision-making power Decision-making power belongs to decision-making bodies (People's Congress/Government); citizens participate in democratic decision-making
Citizens have legislative power Legislative power belongs to the NPC and its Standing Committee
Direct election of NPC deputies Direct election at county and township levels; indirect election above county level
Rights and obligations can be waived Citizens must fulfill obligations; they cannot be waived
Basic rights are identical for all Civil rights ≠ political rights (e.g., education ≠ right to vote)
Elimination Mnemonics
"Rights and obligations cannot be waived" "Right to vote has three conditions: age, nationality, political rights" "Direct election = county/township" "Citizen participation ≠ citizen decision-making"
Answer Template: Citizen Participation in Democratic Decision-Making/Supervision
Citizens participate in democratic decision-making/supervision according to law, through channels such as X (social conditions and public opinion reflection / public announcement of major matters / expert consultation / public hearings), which is an important manifestation of socialist democratic politics. Significance: ① Conducive to scientific and democratic decision-making by decision-making bodies; ② Conducive to improving citizens' political participation capabilities; ③ Conducive to safeguarding citizens' legitimate rights and interests; ④ Conducive to advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. ---
2. The Communist Party of China
Quick Error Check
Wrong Statement Correct Statement
The Party exercises state power on behalf of the people The Party leads; the People's Congress is the organ of state power; each has its own role
The Party participates in and deliberates on state affairs This is a function of the CPPCC, not the Party
The Party performs state functions State functions are performed by state organs such as the government and judicial organs
The CPC's ruling status is self-proclaimed It is the choice of history and the people
The Party legislates according to law The Party leads legislation; the People's Congress exercises legislative power
The Party is supervised by the People's Congress/CPPCC The Party is not a state organ and is not supervised by the People's Congress (the People's Congress supervises the "one government, two courts, one procuratorate")
Anti-corruption is a CPPCC function Integrity building (anti-corruption) belongs to the Party's/Government's functions
Answer Template: Why Uphold the Party's Leadership
The CPC is the highest political leadership force (confirmed by the Constitution) and the leading core of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Upholding the Party's leadership is the choice of history and the people, and the fundamental guarantee for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. ① The Party's nature and purpose: vanguard of the Chinese working class, vanguard of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation, serving the people wholeheartedly; ② Governing methods: scientific governance, democratic governance, and law-based governance (the Constitution includes "leading the people in formulating the Constitution and laws"); ③ Law-based governance is the basic method: leading legislation, ensuring law enforcement, supporting justice, and taking the lead in abiding by the law; ④ The Party's self-revolution: comprehensive and strict Party governance, maintaining先进性 and purity; ⑤ Requirements of the new era: uphold and strengthen the Party's comprehensive leadership, and play a role in overseeing the overall situation and coordinating all parties. ---
3. The System of People's Congresses
Quick Error Check
Wrong Statement Correct Statement
The People's Congress is the organ of state power The People's Congress is the organ of state power (individual deputies/Standing Committee members ≠ the People's Congress itself)
The People's Congress and other state organs supervise each other The People's Congress creates other organs; other organs are responsible to and supervised by the People's Congress (one-way)
NPC deputies exercise legislative power NPC deputies exercise the powers of review, voting, proposal, and inquiry; legislative power belongs to the People's Congress
NPC deputies are directly elected by voters Direct election at county/township level; indirect election above county level
The People's Congress is a legislative body The NPC and its Standing Committee are legislative bodies; local People's Congresses have legislative power but are not called "legislative bodies"
The Supervisory Committee is created by the People's Congress Correct: Supervisory committees at all levels are created by the People's Congress at the same level, responsible to it and supervised by it
The People's Congress supervises judicial independence The People's Congress supervises judicial organs but does not interfere with the independent exercise of adjudicative and prosecutorial powers according to law
The Procuratorate/Court is the legal supervision organ The Procuratorate is the legal supervision organ; the Court is the adjudicative organ (easily confused)
Answer Template: Why Uphold the System of People's Congresses
① Status: The system of People's Congresses is China's fundamental political system, an important pathway and the highest form of realization for the people being masters of the country, and an important component of the socialist political system with Chinese characteristics. ② Advantages: It ensures the people are masters of the country (deputies elected through democratic elections → centralized exercise of power); mobilizes all the people to participate in socialist construction; ensures the coordinated and efficient operation of state organs (democratic centralism: the People's Congress exercises state power uniformly → the "one government, one supervisory committee, two courts, one procuratorate" each perform their own duties); maintains national unity and ethnic solidarity. ③ Significance: Upholding and improving the system of People's Congresses is an important part of developing socialist democratic politics and advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. ---
4. The Government
Quick Error Check
Wrong Statement Correct Statement
The government strictly enforces the law The government is the most important subject of law enforcement; strict law enforcement can be carried out by all state organs
The subject of fair justice is the government The subject of fair justice is the judicial organ (court/procuratorate), not the government
The State Council makes laws The State Council makes administrative regulations, not laws (laws are made by the NPC and its Standing Committee)
More fiscal expenditure is always better It should be moderate, not always more
Streamline government agencies The correct statement is to streamline government agencies and administrative staff (must be complete)
Police stations are constituent departments of the government Police stations are dispatched organs of public security organs, not constituent departments of township governments
Township People's Congresses have legislative power Township People's Congresses do not have legislative power (only county-level and above do)
Government industrial policy is market regulation Policy-making is macro-control; market regulation is for specific violations
The NPC Standing Committee exercises the highest supervisory power "Highest" can only modify the NPC's power; the Standing Committee has supervisory power but it is not called "highest"
Audit organs can be established at county level and above Yes, at county level and above; but the Supervisory Committee is at least at the county level (distinguish)
Answer Template: Building a Law-Based Government
The government must comprehensively advance law-based governance and build a law-based government. ① Scientifically defined functions: must act according to statutory duties, and cannot act without legal authorization; ② Legalized powers and responsibilities: power list system, those with power must bear responsibility; ③ Strict law enforcement: adhere to strict, standardized, fair, and civilized law enforcement (note: cannot say the government "fair justice"); ④ Openness and fairness: comprehensively advance government transparency, protect citizens' rights to know, participate, express, and supervise; ⑤ Integrity and efficiency: advance the transformation of government functions, improve administrative efficiency; ⑥ Law-abiding and trustworthy: build a trustworthy government, enhance government credibility. Significance: conducive to improving administrative management; conducive to establishing government authority; conducive to safeguarding the fundamental interests of the people. ---
5. Grassroots Self-Governance System ⭐ Key Prediction
The 2025 Guangdong exam did not test grassroots self-governance; it was tested in both 2023 and 2024 The "Organic Law of Villagers' Committees" and "Organic Law of Urban Residents' Committees" were amended in October 2025, effective 2026.1.1 This is one of the biggest proposition hotspots for 2026
Quick Error Check (High-Frequency Test Points)
Wrong Statement Correct Statement
Villagers' committees and residents' committees are state organs ❌ They are mass self-governance organizations, not state organs/power organs/grassroots governments
Members of villagers' committees and residents' committees are appointed by superiors ❌ They are directly elected by villagers/residents
Villagers' committees accept leadership from township governments ❌ They have a guidance relationship with township governments, not a superior-subordinate one
Villagers' committees are responsible to township governments ❌ They are responsible to villagers' meetings/villagers' representative meetings
Electing the villagers' committee director is a citizen's political right ❌ It is a citizen's democratic right (not a political right; distinguish from the right to vote and stand for election)
Grassroots democracy only includes election/decision-making/supervision ❌ There are now five components (2025 new law adds democratic consultation)
"One shoulder" is just a policy ❌ It has been written into the 2026 new law (the "one shoulder" of secretary and director is legalized)
The grassroots self-governance system is the fundamental political system ❌ It is a basic political system (there is only one "fundamental": the People's Congress system)
Democratic management only includes village affairs disclosure ❌ It also includes formulating self-governance charters and village rules and civil agreements
Residents' committees should adjudicate property disputes ❌ Residents' committees can only mediate; they have no administrative adjudication power
People's mediation has legal coercive force ❌ People's mediation agreements must be judicially confirmed to have compulsory enforcement effect
Core New Points of the 2025 New Law (Must Memorize)
Special provisions on democratic consultation: Major village (residential) matters must be consulted before decision-making; consultation results serve as an important reference for decisions
Full coverage of five democratic components: democratic election + democratic consultation + democratic decision-making + democratic management + democratic supervision
Party organization leadership and gatekeeping: Party organizations must play a leading and gatekeeping role in all five democratic components
Legalization of "Four Discussions and Two Openings": Party branch proposal → two committees discussion → party members review → villagers' (representatives') meeting resolution; resolution disclosure + implementation results disclosure
Reducing burdens at the grassroots: Establish an access system for community work items; assistance matters cannot be converted into responsibilities
New property management provisions: Assist and guide the establishment of owners' assemblies and election of owners' committees, coordinate property management ### Answer Template ① The grassroots self-governance system is a basic political system of our country (not fundamental), and is the foundation and important component of socialist democratic political construction. ② Villagers' committees/residents' committees are mass self-governance organizations, not state organs/grassroots political power (common test point). ③ Members of residents'/villagers' committees are directly elected by residents/villagers, which is an important manifestation of grassroots democracy. ④ Residents'/villagers' committees accept leadership from grassroots Party organizations and guidance from higher-level governments, but it is not a superior-subordinate relationship (guidance ≠ leadership). ⑤ Important matters involving the interests of residents/villagers are discussed and decided by residents'/villagers' meetings (the core of residents'/villagers' self-governance). ⑥ Participate in community governance through democratic election, democratic consultation, democratic decision-making, democratic management, and democratic supervision (write all five components). ⑦ Improving the grassroots self-governance system is conducive to expanding grassroots democracy, promoting the modernization of social governance, and maintaining social harmony and stability (answer "big significance" from "small entry points"). ### Mock Question 1: Prediction （2026·Guangdong·Mock） In order to advance the modernization of grassroots governance, a certain city explored the "one shoulder" model: the village Party organization secretary concurrently serves as the director of the villagers' committee through legal procedures, while implementing the "Four Discussions and Two Openings" system, organically integrating Party leadership with villagers' self-governance. Using the knowledge of "grassroots self-governance" from Politics and the Rule of Law, analyze the rationality of this model. Answer approach: "One shoulder" → Party organization leadership + law-based self-governance; "Four Discussions and Two Openings" → scientific and democratic decision-making; integration → organic unity of Party leadership and grassroots self-governance. --- ## 6. Regional Ethnic Autonomy ### Quick Error Check | Wrong Statement | Correct Statement | |---------|---------| | Autonomous organs are all state organs in autonomous areas | ❌ Only the People's Congress and government (excluding courts/procuratorates/supervisory committees) | | Autonomous area People's Congresses have legislative autonomy power | ❌ The People's Congress has legislative power (to formulate autonomy regulations and separate regulations), but the subject of legislative autonomy power also includes the government | | The autonomy power of autonomous organs is independent | ❌ It must be exercised within the framework of the Constitution and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy | | Ethnic autonomous areas enjoy a high degree of autonomy | ❌ It is autonomy power, not a high degree of autonomy ("high degree of autonomy" is for Hong Kong and Macao) | | Regional ethnic autonomy is the fundamental political system of our country | ❌ It is a basic political system | ### Answer Template ① Our country is a unified multi-ethnic country, implementing the system of regional ethnic autonomy (a basic political system). ② Ethnic autonomous areas (regions/prefectures/counties/banners) establish autonomous organs (People's Congress + government) to exercise autonomy power. ③ The autonomy power of autonomous organs includes: legislative autonomy (formulating autonomy regulations/separate regulations, reported to higher authorities for approval), economic autonomy, cultural management autonomy, and other autonomy powers. ④ Premise and foundation: national unity and territorial integrity ("autonomy" ≠ "independence"). ⑤ Significance: conducive to maintaining national unity and security; conducive to ensuring minority people are masters of the country; conducive to developing equal, united, mutually helpful, and harmonious socialist ethnic relations; conducive to promoting the vigorous development of socialist modernization. --- ## 7. CPPCC / Multi-Party Cooperation ### Quick Error Check | Wrong Statement | Correct Statement | |---------|---------| | The CPPCC is a state organ | ❌ It is a patriotic united front organization, not a state organ | | The CPPCC exercises the power of participating in and deliberating on state affairs | ❌ Democratic parties participate in and deliberate on state affairs; the CPPCC's functions are political consultation/democratic supervision/participation in and deliberation on state affairs (three parallel) | | The CPPCC has legislative power | ❌ The CPPCC has no legislative power | | The composition of the People's Congress and the CPPCC is the same | ❌ People's Congress = representatives elected by voters; CPPCC = recommended by parties/groups/sectors | | The primary premise and fundamental guarantee of the party system is equality among parties | ❌ It is the leadership of the Communist Party of China (multi-party cooperation ≠ multi-party competition) | | The themes of the CPPCC are unity and democracy | ❌ Correct: the two themes are unity and democracy | ### Answer Template ① Our country implements the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation led by the Communist Party of China (a basic political system). ② Primary premise and fundamental guarantee: the leadership of the Communist Party of China (confirmed by the Constitution). ③ Basic policy: long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, treating each other with sincerity, and sharing weal and woe. ④ Fundamental criterion for action: the Constitution and laws. ⑤ The CPPCC: is the patriotic united front organization of the Chinese people, an important institution for multi-party cooperation and political consultation, and an important channel and specialized consultative body for socialist consultative democracy. ⑥ The CPPCC revolves around the two themes of unity and democracy, performing the functions of political consultation, democratic supervision, and participation in and deliberation on state affairs. ⑦ Significance: conducive to promoting scientific and democratic decision-making; conducive to advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. --- ## Appendix: 2 Mock Prediction Questions ### Mock Question 2: Predicting the People's Congress A certain municipal People's Congress Standing Committee conducted a special inquiry into the use of special funds by the municipal government, and conducted satisfaction evaluations of the heads of relevant departments, with the evaluation results incorporated into the annual assessment. Some citizens submitted suggestions to the People's Congress through NPC deputies, calling for strengthened supervision of funds for livelihood projects. Using the knowledge of "People's Congress" from Politics and the Rule of Law, analyze the significance of the practices of the municipal People's Congress Standing Committee. Answer approach: People's Congress supervisory power → special inquiry is a supervisory method; evaluation of government departments → People's Congress supervises the government, the government is responsible to the People's Congress; citizens submit suggestions through NPC deputies → NPC deputies maintain close ties with the masses and exercise the power to make proposals; incorporation into assessment → enhance supervisory effectiveness and promote law-based administration. --- Printing reminder: It is recommended to print double-sided on A4, one topic per page, to facilitate rotating review by topic in the final stage. Take out the grassroots self-governance page separately for focused memorization.

Wrong Statement	Correct Statement
The people's democratic rights are unrestricted	There are legal boundaries; freedom ≠ unlimited
Personal interests can never align with national interests	There can be contradictions, but organic unity is achievable
Citizens have decision-making power	Decision-making power belongs to decision-making bodies (People's Congress/Government); citizens participate in democratic decision-making
Citizens have legislative power	Legislative power belongs to the NPC and its Standing Committee
Direct election of NPC deputies	Direct election at county and township levels; indirect election above county level
Rights and obligations can be waived	Citizens must fulfill obligations; they cannot be waived
Basic rights are identical for all	Civil rights ≠ political rights (e.g., education ≠ right to vote)

Wrong Statement	Correct Statement
The Party exercises state power on behalf of the people	The Party leads; the People's Congress is the organ of state power; each has its own role
The Party participates in and deliberates on state affairs	This is a function of the CPPCC, not the Party
The Party performs state functions	State functions are performed by state organs such as the government and judicial organs
The CPC's ruling status is self-proclaimed	It is the choice of history and the people
The Party legislates according to law	The Party leads legislation; the People's Congress exercises legislative power
The Party is supervised by the People's Congress/CPPCC	The Party is not a state organ and is not supervised by the People's Congress (the People's Congress supervises the "one government, two courts, one procuratorate")
Anti-corruption is a CPPCC function	Integrity building (anti-corruption) belongs to the Party's/Government's functions

Wrong Statement	Correct Statement
The People's Congress is the organ of state power	The People's Congress is the organ of state power (individual deputies/Standing Committee members ≠ the People's Congress itself)
The People's Congress and other state organs supervise each other	The People's Congress creates other organs; other organs are responsible to and supervised by the People's Congress (one-way)
NPC deputies exercise legislative power	NPC deputies exercise the powers of review, voting, proposal, and inquiry; legislative power belongs to the People's Congress
NPC deputies are directly elected by voters	Direct election at county/township level; indirect election above county level
The People's Congress is a legislative body	The NPC and its Standing Committee are legislative bodies; local People's Congresses have legislative power but are not called "legislative bodies"
The Supervisory Committee is created by the People's Congress	Correct: Supervisory committees at all levels are created by the People's Congress at the same level, responsible to it and supervised by it
The People's Congress supervises judicial independence	The People's Congress supervises judicial organs but does not interfere with the independent exercise of adjudicative and prosecutorial powers according to law
The Procuratorate/Court is the legal supervision organ	The Procuratorate is the legal supervision organ; the Court is the adjudicative organ (easily confused)

Wrong Statement	Correct Statement
The government strictly enforces the law	The government is the most important subject of law enforcement; strict law enforcement can be carried out by all state organs
The subject of fair justice is the government	The subject of fair justice is the judicial organ (court/procuratorate), not the government
The State Council makes laws	The State Council makes administrative regulations, not laws (laws are made by the NPC and its Standing Committee)
More fiscal expenditure is always better	It should be moderate, not always more
Streamline government agencies	The correct statement is to streamline government agencies and administrative staff (must be complete)
Police stations are constituent departments of the government	Police stations are dispatched organs of public security organs, not constituent departments of township governments
Township People's Congresses have legislative power	Township People's Congresses do not have legislative power (only county-level and above do)
Government industrial policy is market regulation	Policy-making is macro-control; market regulation is for specific violations
The NPC Standing Committee exercises the highest supervisory power	"Highest" can only modify the NPC's power; the Standing Committee has supervisory power but it is not called "highest"
Audit organs can be established at county level and above	Yes, at county level and above; but the Supervisory Committee is at least at the county level (distinguish)

Wrong Statement	Correct Statement
Villagers' committees and residents' committees are state organs	❌ They are mass self-governance organizations, not state organs/power organs/grassroots governments
Members of villagers' committees and residents' committees are appointed by superiors	❌ They are directly elected by villagers/residents
Villagers' committees accept leadership from township governments	❌ They have a guidance relationship with township governments, not a superior-subordinate one
Villagers' committees are responsible to township governments	❌ They are responsible to villagers' meetings/villagers' representative meetings
Electing the villagers' committee director is a citizen's political right	❌ It is a citizen's democratic right (not a political right; distinguish from the right to vote and stand for election)
Grassroots democracy only includes election/decision-making/supervision	❌ There are now five components (2025 new law adds democratic consultation)
"One shoulder" is just a policy	❌ It has been written into the 2026 new law (the "one shoulder" of secretary and director is legalized)
The grassroots self-governance system is the fundamental political system	❌ It is a basic political system (there is only one "fundamental": the People's Congress system)
Democratic management only includes village affairs disclosure	❌ It also includes formulating self-governance charters and village rules and civil agreements
Residents' committees should adjudicate property disputes	❌ Residents' committees can only mediate; they have no administrative adjudication power
People's mediation has legal coercive force	❌ People's mediation agreements must be judicially confirmed to have compulsory enforcement effect